ISO/TR TECHNICAL REPORT 27923 First edition 2022-01 Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage Injection operations, infrastructure and monitoring Captage, transport et stockage geologique du dioxyde de carbone - Opérations d'injection, infrastructure et surveillance Reference number ISO/TR27923:2022(E) ISO @ ISO 2022 IS0/TR 27923:2022(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT @ISO2022 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, withoutpriorwrittenpermission.Permission can berequestedfrom eitherIso at theaddress below orIso'smemberbodyinthecountryoftherequester. ISO copyright office CP 401 · Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva Phone: +4122 749 0111 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii @ IS0 2022 - All rights reserved IS0/TR 27923:2022(E) Contents Page Foreword ..vii Introduction. ..viii 1 Scope.. .1 2 Normative references 3 Terms and definitions. .1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. .15 5 Legal framework. .17 5.1 General. 17 5.2 United States .17 5.2.1 General 17 5.2.2 UIC Class II and Class VI. 5.3 The European Union. .18 5.3.1 General .18 5.3.2 The EU CCS Directive 18 5.3.3TheEnvironmentalLiabilityDirective .19 5.4 Germany. .19 5.5 France.. .20 5.6 Norway. 20 5.6.1 General 20 5.6.2 Thepermitting regimefor CCS activities 20 5.6.31 Financial security. 20 5.6.4 Monitoring 21 5.7 Canada. 21 5.8 Japan .22 5.9 Australia. 22 6 Well design. .23 6.1 General. 23 6.2 Components 23 6.2.1 Conductor casing 23 6.2.2 Surface casing. 23 6.2.3 Main section casing. 24 6.2.4 Liner. 25 6.2.5 Tubing and completion assemblies 25 6.2.6 Wellhead and Christmas tree 25 6.3 CO2 Injection wells 25 6.3.1 Well design and construction 26 6.3.2 Well completion.. 26 6.3.3 COz-EORinjectionwell construction 26 6.3.4 Research injection well construction 27 6.3.5 Commercial-scale injection 28 6.4 Monitoring well construction. 29 6.4.1 General 29 6.4.2 Perforated monitoring well 29 6.4.3 Induction logging monitoring well (Plastic casing: Nagaoka, Cranfield) 30 6.5 Discussion.. .31 ： Surface infrastructure concepts (non-well) .33 7.1 Design and materials 33 7.1.1 General 33 7.1.2 Material selection. .33 7.1.3 Carbon steel .33 7.1.4 Stainless steel .34 7.1.5 Alloys. 34 @IS02022-All rightsreserved iii IS0/TR 27923:2022(E) 7.2 Equipment. 34 7.2.1 Tie-in to COz injection well .34 7.2.2 Pressurization to supercritical phase .34 7.2.3 Dehydration .34 7.2.4 Valves. 34 7.2.5 Measurement. 35 7.2.6 Leak detection 35 7.2.7 Venting. 35 7.3 Considerations for storage incidental to CO2-EOR 35 7.3.1 General .35 7.3.2 Liquids. 36 7.3.3 CO2 stream production and recycling .37 7.3.4 Operating pressure regime. .37 7.3.5 Recycle Compression. .37 7.3.6 Interstage cooling & separation 38 7.3.7 Dehydration. 38 7.3.8 Booster pumps 38 7.3.9 Impact of cO2 production - asphaltenes.. .38 7.3.10 Impact of recycle stream composition on metering and operating pressures .39 7.4 Maintenanceandremediation .39 7.5 Onshorecasestudies .39 7.6 Offshore case studies .40 8 CO2 storage site injection operations .41 8.1 General. .41 8.1.1 Objectives .41 8.1.2 Scopeofoperations .41 8.2 Design of CO2 injection operations .41 8.2.1 General components of operations design .41 8.2.2 Storage complex design parameters. .43 8.2.3 Storage project modelling. ..43 8.2.4 Case Study - Aquistore. ..44 8.2.5 Contractual agreement impacts on injection design parameters. .44 8.3 Operations and maintenance plan. .45 8.3.1 General-Definitionofthemainoperationalconditions .45 8.3.2 Operational protocols and maintenance schedules. .45 8.3.3 Recording management of change, .45 8.3.4 Communication plan. ..46 8.3.5 Nomination process for CO, delivery and receipt ..46 8.3.6 Safety plan... ..46 8.4 Injection operations .46 8.4.1 Initi